The objective of this study is to determine the temporal variation of oceanographic conditions, ichthyoplankton and their ectoparasites in nearshore marine waters. From October 11th 2012 to June 5th 2014, 30 ichthyoplankton surveys were carried out along a cross-shelf transect from 0.25 km of the coastline to 4.50 km offshore off Montemar, Bahía Valparaíso, central Chile. We identified a total of 5,553 fish larvae, belonging to 37 taxa. The most abundant fish larvae with pelagic spawning were the common sardine Strangomera bentincki (relative abundance= 26.39%), the anchoveta Engraulis ringens (8.94%), and the lanternfish Hygophum bruuni (7.72%); whereas the most abundant species with benthic brooding were the blennies Scartichthys viridis (15.77%), Hypsoblennius sordidus (8.27%) and the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus (7.06%). The most parasitized fish larvae were from benthic brooding origin, namely the clingfishes G. marmoratus (prevalence= 9.63%) and Sicyases sanguineus (0.54%), the kelpfish Auchenionchus variolosus (1.72%), and triplefin blenny Helcogrammoides cunninghami (3.28%). Only one species from pelagic spawning origin, the sandperch Prolatilus jugularis (0.57%), had ectoparasites. The abundance of some larval fish species with ectoparasite decreased with distance to the shore; S. bentincki, H. bruuni (pelagic spawning) or S. viridis (benthic brooding) were found to be more abundant at 2.0 km offshore. The ectoparasites were identified as Trifur spp. (Copepoda: Pennellidae) and Caligus spp. (Copepoda: Caligidae), with pennellids being the most frequent (1 to 3 parasites per larva). Ninety-four and 88% of pennellids and caligids, respectively, were collected in the nearshore station. During periods of high ectoparasite prevalence on fish larvae, seawater was vertically stratified with a cross-shelf deepening (late autumn) or shoaling (summer) of the pycnocline from offshore to nearshore. The results suggest that fish larvae with BB were more frequently parasitized and that physical conditions of the water column may contribute both to coastal retention of fish larvae as well as ectoparasite infestation in nearshore waters.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación temporal de las condiciones oceanográficas, ictioplancton y sus ectoparásitos en aguas costeras marinas. Se realizaron 30 muestreos de ictioplancton entre el 11 de octubre 2012 y el 5 de junio 2014 a lo largo de una transecta desde 0,25 km hasta 4,5 km de la costa frente a Montemar, Bahía Valparaíso, Chile central. Se identificó un total de 5.553 larvas de peces, pertenecientes a 37 taxa. Las larvas de peces más abundantes originadas de desove pelágico fueron la sardina común Strangomera bentincki (abundancia relativa= 26,39%), anchoveta Engraulis ringens (8,94%), y el mictófido Hygophum bruuni (7,72%); las especies más abundantes originadas de posturas bentónicas fueron la borrachilla Scartichthys viridis (15,77%), el cachudito Hypsoblennius sordidus (8,27%) y el pejesapo Gobiesox marmoratus (7,06%). Las larvas de peces más parasitadas provinieron de posturas bentónicas, los pejesapos G. marmoratus (prevalencia= 9,63%) y Sicyases sanguineus (0,54%), el tomollo Auchenionchus variolosus (1,72%), y el trombollito de tres aletas Helcogrammoides cunninghami (3,28%). La única especie con desove pelágico que presentó ectoparásitos fue el blanquillo Prolatilus jugularis (0,57%). Las larvas de peces con ectoparásitos mostraron una disminución en abundancia con la distancia a la costa; S. bentincki, H. bruuni (desove pelágico) o S. viridis (postura bentónica) fueron más abundantes a 2,0 km de la costa. Los ectoparásitos fueron identificados como Trifur spp. (Copepoda: Pennellidae) y Caligus spp. (Copepoda: Caligidae), siendo los penélidos los más frecuentes (1 a 3 parásitos por larva). El 94 y 88% de los penélidos y calígidos, respectivamente, fue recolectado en la estación más costera. Durante los periodos de mayor prevalencia de ectoparásitos en las larvas de peces, el agua de mar estuvo verticalmente estratificada con una profundización a fines de otoño y un ascenso en verano de la picnoclina desde mar afuera hacia la costa. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que las larvas de peces originadas de posturas bentónicas son parasitadas más frecuentemente y que las condiciones físicas de la columna de agua pueden favorecer tanto la retención costera como la infestación por ectoparásitos en las aguas más cercanas a la costa.

Measurements of velocity and density profiles were used to describe the tidal and residual flow structure in Quellón Bay, southern Chile (43º10'S), an eastward opened bay with ca. 6 km width (north-south) at its mouth and a low river discharge at its head, associated to a productive marsh-like branch. Current profiles were obtained in winter and spring with a 307.2 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) during two semidiurnal cycles along a repeated triangular circuit. The eastern side of the triangle consisted in an across-bay transect oriented in the north-south direction, and two along-bay (aprox. east-west oriented) transects formed the other sides identified as northern and southern transects. The triangle circumscribed a small bump of ca.10 depth, surrounded by bathymetry of the order of 20-30 m. Density profiles were obtained at the westernmost corner of the triangle. The longitudinal mean flow in the eastern transect at the mouth showed a lateral exchange structure that consisted in inflow (westward) over the northern side and outflow (southeastward) over the southern side. Lateral residual flow showed increases of the southward component that seems to be related to the presence of the bump. The longitudinal residual flow was mostly westward in the southern transect and eastward in the southern transect, suggesting that flow enters the bay through the northern side and exits through the southern side. Over the southern transect there were evidences of flow divergence over the bump which promotes upward velocities over this feature. Upward velocities over the bump and downward velocities over the eastern flank were estimated using the continuity equation. There were evidences that divergence is induced by flow separation yielded by a pair of counter-rotating vortex over this feature. Nonlinearities seem to dominate the tidal dynamic balance. The intra tidal variability of flow and density at the repeated station showed no significant differences between the low and high rainy seasons, suggesting that dynamics of the system is less affected by river discharge. Small increases of salinity were associated to the effect of tidal flood phase. There were no significant differences between samplings on July and November, nor in residual flow patterns or in density field.

Se realizaron mediciones de velocidad y perfiles de densidad del agua de mar para describir la estructura del flujo mareal y residual en Bahía Quellón, sur de Chile (43º10'S), una bahía abierta hacia el este cuya boca es de ca. 6 km (norte-sur) y en cuya cabeza se ubica un río de baja descarga asociado a un humedal de alta productividad. Se obtuvieron perfiles de corrientes durante invierno y primavera con un Perfilador Acústico de Corrientes Doppler (ADCP) de 307.2 kHz, a lo largo de un circuito triangular repetido durante dos ciclos de marea semidiurna. El lado este del triángulo consistió en un transecto orientado en dirección norte-sur que cruzaba a lo ancho de la boca de la bahía; los otros dos lados se orientaron aproximadamente en la dirección este-oeste a lo largo de la bahía, denominándose transectos norte y sur. El triángulo se ubicó sobre un pequeño promontorio submarino de ca. 10 m de profundidad, rodeado por batimetría de alrededor de 20 a 30 m. Se realizaron perfiles de densidad en el vértice oeste del triángulo. El flujo residual longitudinal en el transecto este, en el sector de la boca, mostró un intercambio lateral que consistió en flujo de entrada (hacia el oeste) por el lado norte de la bahía y flujo de salida (hacia el sureste) por el lado sur. El flujo lateral residual mostró aumentos en la magnitud de la componente hacia el sur que estarían relacionados con la presencia del promontorio submarino. El flujo residual longitudinal fue principalmente hacia el oeste en el lado norte y hacia el este en el lado sur, sugiriendo que el flujo entra a la bahía por el norte y sale por el sur. En el transecto sur hubo evidencias de divergencia del flujo sobre el promontorio, la cual promueve velocidades verticales positivas sobre este rasgo batimétrico. La velocidades hacia arriba sobre el promontorio y hacia abajo sobre el flanco hacia el este se estimaron usando la ecuación de continuidad sobre una grilla regular. Hubo evidencias de que la divergencia es inducida por separación del flujo generada por un par de vórtices rotando en sentido encontrado sobre este rasgo batimétrico. Los términos no lineales de la ecuación de movimiento parecen dominar el balance dinámico. La variabilidad intra mareal del flujo y la densidad en la estación repetida no mostró diferencias significativas entre la estación lluviosa y la menos lluviosa, sugiriendo que la dinámica del sistema es menos afectada por la descarga de río. Pequeños aumentos de salinidad se asociaron al efecto de la fase de la marea. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los muestreos de julio y noviembre ni en los patrones del flujo residual ni en el campo de densidad.

Surface features of the hydrodynamics at the mouth of Aysen Fjord, in the Chilean Inland Sea, were described using Landsat and ERS-SAR images in combination with field data. A set of seventeen radar images from ERS, along with one Landsat (ETM) were analyzed to study the surface features observed in this region, where fresh water input is an important contributor to the dynamics of the estuarine system. Field data were provided by current measurements obtained with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) mounted in a catamaran looking downward, which was towed from a boat during two semidiurnal cycles to obtain repetitions over two transverse transects. There were also density measurements obtained from CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) vertical profiles in the water column and from a surface termosalinograph (Conductivity, Temperature) mounted onboard of a research vessel. The results of this campaign in Aysen Fjord were associated to the surface features observed in satellite images. The results show the main features of the circulation at the mouth of this fjord and other phenomena of interest for physical oceanography. Noteworthy is a frontal structure suggested on both types of images. This feature is partially supported by ADCP measurements and strongly suggested by density measurements. Packages of internal waves in Costa Channel are also suggested in radar images, while the distribution of the fresh water plume is supported by the Landsat image. Satellite images provided valuable guidance to focus the research in a selected area and phenomena

Uma revisão de nosso recente trabalho sobre a evolução cromossômica do grupo de espécies de Drosophila repleta é apresentada. A maioria dos estudos refere-se ao complexo de espécies buzzatii, um conjunto monofilético de 12 espécies que habitam os desertos da América do Sul e das Índias Ocidentais. Uma análise estatística do comprimento e da distribuição do ponto de quebra de 86 inversões paracêntricas observadas neste complexo mostrou que o comprimento da inversão é um caráter selecionado. Inversões raras são geralmente pequenas, enquanto que inversões evolucionariamente bem sucedidas, fixas e polimórficas, são predominantemente de tamanho médio. Há também uma correlação negativa entre o comprimento e o número de inversões por espécie. Finalmente, a distribuição dos pontos de quebra nas inversões ao longo do cromossomo 2 não é aleatória, com regiões cromossômicas que acumulam até 8 pontos de quebra (possíveis "pontos quentes"). O mapeamento gênico comparativo também foi usado para investigar a organização molecular e a evolução dos cromossomos. Usando hibridização in situ, 26 genes foram precisamente localizados nos cromossomos da glândula salivar de D. repleta e D. buzzatii; outros 9 foram identificados por tentativa. Os resultados são completamente consistentes com as homologias cromossômicas correntemente aceitas entre D. repleta e D. melanogaster, não se encontrando evidências de translocações recíprocas ou inversões pericêntricas. A comparação do mapa gênico do cromossomo 2 de D. repleta com o do cromossomo homólogo 3R de D. melanogaster mostra uma extensa reorganização através de inversões paracêntricas e permite estimar uma taxa de evolução para este cromossomo de cerca de 1 inversão fixada por milhão de anos.

A review of our recent work on the cromosomal evolution of the Drosophila repleta species group is presented. Most studies have focused on the buzzatii species complex, a monophyletic set of 12 species which inhabit the deserts of South America and the West Indies. A statistical analysis of the length and breakpoint distribution of the 86 paracentric inversions observed in this complex has shown that inversion length is a selected trait. Rare inversions are usually small while evolutionary successful inversions, fixed and polymorphic, are predominantly of medium size. There is also a negative correlation between length and number of inversions per species. Finally, the distribution of inversion breakpoints along chromosome 2 is non-random, with chromosomal regions which accumulate up to 8 breakpoints (putative "hot spots"). Comparative gene mapping has also been used to investigate the molecular organization and evolution of chromosomes. Using in situ hybridization, 26 genes have been precisely located on the salivary gland chromosomes of D. repleta and D. buzzatii; another nine have been tentatively identified. The results are fully consistent with the currently accepted chromosomal homologies between D. repleta and D. melanogaster, and no evidence for reciprocal translocations or pericentric inversions has been found. The comparison of the gene map of D. repleta chromosome 2 with that of the homologous chromosome 3R of D. melanogaster shows an extensive reorganization via paracentric inversions and allows to estimate an evolution rate of ~1 inversion fixed per million years for this chromosome